Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy is a serious eye condition and one of the most common complications of diabetes, particularly when blood sugar levels have been poorly controlled over time. It occurs when high blood glucose levels damage the blood vessels in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. The retina is responsible for sending visual signals to the brain, and when its blood vessels are damaged, it can lead to vision problems and, if untreated, blindness.

There are two main stages of diabetic retinopathy:

  1. Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR): This is the early stage of the condition. It occurs when the small blood vessels in the retina become weakened and may leak fluid, causing swelling (edema) and the formation of microaneurysms. In this stage, vision may not be significantly affected, and there may be no obvious symptoms. However, with continued blood sugar mismanagement, the damage can progress.

  2. Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR): This more advanced stage occurs when the damaged blood vessels in the retina close off, depriving parts of the retina of oxygen. In response, the retina starts to grow new, abnormal blood vessels (a process called neovascularization). These new blood vessels are fragile and can leak blood and fluid, leading to more severe vision problems, including retinal hemorrhages, retinal detachment, and eventually blindness.

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